Fate of contaminants in Baltic Sea sediments : role of

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In the course of the summer an increasing mortality occurred amongst Deposit and suspension feeders can switch feeding behavior and show variations in feeding mode as individuals pass through life-cycle stages. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were used to trace changes in diet of the tellinid bivalves M. balthica (facultative deposit feeder) and C. edule (obligatory suspension feeder), according to their size class. Macoma balthica ‘balthica’, in the Baltic Sea and White Sea, has relatively many red shells (Väinölä & Varvio, 1989; Strelkov et al., 2001; Sokolowski et al., 2002). Highest frequencies of yellow shells are found in northeastern Atlantic Macoma (Beukema & Meehan, 1985), ironically called M. balthica ‘rubra’ (ruber is Latin for red). Limited information is currently available on metal ENP effects, uptake, and depuration kinetics in aquatic organisms. In the present study, a deposit-feeding clam, Macoma balthica, was exposed to sediment spiked with Ag and Cu in different forms (aqueous ions, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized particles) in three experiments.

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In the course of the summer an increasing mortality occurred changes in feeding mode of Macoma balthica F. Rossi,1 P. M. J. Herman, and J. J. Middelburg Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, the Netherlands Abstract Deposit and suspension feeders can switch feeding behavior and show variations in feeding mode as individuals pass through life-cycle stages. We made week-long experiments on the rate of feeding on 14 C-labelled diatoms spread on the sediment surface in different oxygen concentrations for both the amphipod species, M. balthica and H. spinulosus. The amphipods were the most sensitive to oxygen deficiency and showed reduced feeding and lower survival at low oxygen concentrations. Macoma balthica (L.), an abundant clam, ubiquitous in temperate estuaries across the North Atlantic, is known to practice both alternative basic modes of feeding available to seafloor invertebrates. It either holds its feeding organ, the siphon, at a fixed position just above the sediment surface to filter out food particles suspended in the overlying water or else extends and moves its siphon As a characteristic buried tellinid bivalve, Macoma balthica has a long inhalent siphon that enables it to feed in two different ways: deposit and suspension feeding.

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{\'O}lafsson}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year={1989}, volume={55}, pages={171-179} } Barite, an important component of offshore drilling muds, is shown to adversely affect the ctenidia of the suspension feeding bivalve, Cerastoderma edule and the deposit feeder, Macoma balthica. The soft-bottom benthos of the Baltic Sea has low species biodiversity and is dominated by a few macrobenthic species, among which the most numerous are the two deposit-feeding amphipods Monoporeia affinis and Pontoporeia femorata, and the bivalve Macoma balthica. For example, in laboratory microcosms, the to a deposit-feeding estuarine clam Macoma balthica.

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{\'O}lafsson}, journal={Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year={1989}, volume={55}, pages={171-179} } Barite, an important component of offshore drilling muds, is shown to adversely affect the ctenidia of the suspension feeding bivalve, Cerastoderma edule and the deposit feeder, Macoma balthica. SEM observations showed that exposure to barite caused cilia to shorten and coagulate, and, in some extreme cases, cause the disintegration of the gill structure itself.

Under conditions of identical concentrations of suspended particulates in the water column and organic contents of surface sediments, Macoma exhibited much higher levels of deposit feeding where currents were slower. Effects of suspended food availability on the feeding mode and burial depth of the Baltic clam, Macoma balthica Junda Lin and Anson H. Hines Lin, J and Hines, A. H. 1994.
Triple parentheses

Macoma balthica - potential feeding area (PFA) Single specimens were measured to the lower 0.1 ram, placed in a tray filled with 6 cm natural sediment and kept at 12~C. The,animals buried themselves very rapidly and started to suck material from the surface with their inhalent siphon.

Macoma balthica is widely distributed throughout north-west Europe and Britain.
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